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In the last five chapters we discussed the standards that constitute Web Services and how to develop Web Services. In the last chapter, we discussed how to develop Web Services clients. In this development of the clients, we assumed that the interaction of the client application with the service provided would be isolated and simple. Such activities are stateless and result in uncorrelated service calls. If a program or application invokes Web Service A and following that invokes Web Service B, then Web Service B doesn t have any knowledge of what happened in Web Service A. Such is the case for many integration scenarios. However, in many other scenarios the interaction of the client with the service is not so simple. Such is the case with many, and if not all, business processes. A business process is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks that produces a specific product (serves a particular goal) or service for a particular customer (or customers). A process begins with a customer s need and ends with the fulfillment of the need. Common examples of such business processes include planning business travel and purchasing. Because a business process involves complex, related, and structured activities, it requires a stateful environment for invoking a chain of Web Services that implement the business process. Therefore, a model is needed for describing complex exchanges that characterize business interactions that includes sequences of peer-to-peer messages and stateful long-running interactions. An example of a business process that requires long-running interactions is a customer order for a product. This business process begins when the order is received and ends when the product is shipped. It may take hours, days, or weeks for the complete fulfillment of the order.

1 Environmental impact in terms of solid waste emission rates 2 Business and nancial performance 3 Voice of the customers and stakeholders

In a very short amount of time, the App store has exploded in volume. There are Apps for just about anything you can imagine. Apps come in all prices, and, in many cases are free.

The remaining of this chapter will address these three categories and discuss their role in developing a strong solid waste minimization program.

The Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) for Web Services (or BPEL4WS) is a language for describing such long-running, stateful interactions and executing these processes. In a BPEL representation, a business process is seen as a collection of coordinated service invocations and related activities that produces a result, either within a single enterprise or across several enterprises. An example of such complex interactions is shown in Figure 16.1, which describes a purchase order business process. This process invokes several services, including shipping service, invoice service, and production scheduling service. Note: In this chapter, we will use the acronyms BPEL and BPEL4WS interchangeably. We begin this chapter with an overview of the BPEL structure and the various types of activities, including primitive and structuring activities. This overview is followed by a somewhat detailed description of the various elements and structure of BPEL. Then we look at an example of a business process that illustrates how different primitive and structuring activities are used together to describe a business process in BPEL.

Measuring and tracking solid waste generation trends and the performance of individual companies is critical to its successful management and reduction. For any process improvement, an accurate data-driven baseline must be created and monitored to

The following interesting App store statistics are provided courtesy of the 148apps.biz web site, from the web page, last updated on April 22, 2010. In March 2010, there were over 600 apps submitted every day!

measure success toward meeting a goal. In this case, measuring a company s waste generation and recycling levels. Traditionally, solid waste generation and recycling levels are reported by total output. For example, the plant generated 150 tons of solid waste this month, of this amount 15 tons, or 10 percent, were recycled. This measurement approach has a very serious shortcoming. The primary aw is that is does not consider production levels or resource inputs. For example, if two similar manufacturing plants generated the same amounts of solid waste, but the second plant has only half the production volume, the second plant is not doing a good job of managing its waste streams. Several other approaches have been developed to compensate for these aws and allow for an equal apples-to-apples comparison. Five of the most common metrics by which solid waste generation can be measured are

Integration Through Service Composition (BPEL)

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